Comorbidities and Obesity-Related Complications

Obesity is associated with a wide range of comorbidities and long-term complications, including:

 

  1. Impaired carbohydrate metabolism (prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus)
  2. Dyslipidemia (disorders of lipid metabolism)
  3. Obesity and Gout
  4. Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk
  5. Obesity and Hormonal disorders in women, including hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and pregnancy-related complications
  6. Obesity and Hormonal disorders in men, particularly hypogonadism
  7. Obesity and Pulmonary complications, including obesity hypoventilation syndrome, restrictive ventilatory impairment, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
  8. Obesity and Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) and its complications, including acute and chronic cholecystitis
  9. Obesity and Steatotic liver disease (SLD), including metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)
  10. Obbesity and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  11. Obesity and Degenerative musculoskeletal disorders, particularly osteoarthritis
  12. Obesity and Cancer, including an increased risk of several obesity-associated malignancies (e.g., colorectal, breast, endometrial, pancreatic, liver, kidney, and esophageal adenocarcinoma)